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Personal Guarantee (Fianza) Colombia

Personal Guarantee (Fianza) Colombia

Codigo Civil arts. 2361-2408 — Codigo de Comercio arts. 1047-1082

CONTRATO DE FIANZA (ACUERDO DE GARANTÍA PERSONAL)

Código Civil arts. 2361-2408 — Código de Comercio arts. 1047-1082

SECCIÓN 1 — PARTES

ACREEDOR: [Creditor Name]

Identificación: [Creditor ID]

Domicilio: [Creditor Address]

DEUDOR PRINCIPAL: [Debtor Name]

Identificación: [Debtor ID]

Domicilio: [Debtor Address]

FIADOR: [Guarantor Name]

Identificación: [Guarantor ID]

Domicilio: [Guarantor Address]

Relación con el deudor: [Guarantor Relation]

SECCIÓN 2 — OBLIGACIÓN PRINCIPAL

2.1

El FIADOR garantiza por medio del presente contrato el cumplimiento de la siguiente obligación del DEUDOR PRINCIPAL a favor del ACREEDOR:

Tipo: [Obligation Type]

Descripción: [Obligation Description]

Monto: [Obligation Amount] [Currency]

Fecha de vencimiento: [Due Date]

2.2

El FIADOR declara conocer íntegramente los términos, condiciones y obligaciones contenidos en el contrato principal descrito anteriormente, y asume voluntariamente la obligación de garantizar su cumplimiento en los términos aquí establecidos.

SECCIÓN 3 — CONDICIONES DE LA FIANZA

3.1

Alcance de la fianza: [Guarantee Scope].

3.2

Tipo de responsabilidad: [Liability Type].

3.3

Renuncia al beneficio de excusión (CC art. 2383): [Waive Excusion].

3.4

Renuncia al beneficio de división (CC art. 2392): [Waive Division].

3.5

Duración: [Guarantee Duration].

SECCIÓN 4 — SUBROGACIÓN Y DERECHO DE REEMBOLSO

4.1

En caso de que el FIADOR cumpla total o parcialmente la obligación garantizada, se subrogará en los derechos del ACREEDOR contra el DEUDOR PRINCIPAL conforme a los Artículos 2395 y 1668 numeral 3 del Código Civil, adquiriendo todos los derechos, acciones, privilegios y garantías que correspondan al ACREEDOR.

4.2

El FIADOR dispondrá adicionalmente de la acción de reembolso prevista en el Artículo 2395 del Código Civil para recuperar del DEUDOR PRINCIPAL: la suma pagada, los intereses desde la fecha del pago, las costas en que haya incurrido en su defensa frente al ACREEDOR, y los perjuicios derivados de la fianza.

4.3

El FIADOR deberá notificar al DEUDOR PRINCIPAL antes de efectuar cualquier pago al ACREEDOR, conforme a lo exigido por el Artículo 2396 del Código Civil.

SECCIÓN 5 — EXTINCIÓN DE LA FIANZA

5.1

La presente fianza se extinguirá por: (a) cumplimiento total de la obligación principal por parte del DEUDOR PRINCIPAL; (b) pago del monto garantizado por parte del FIADOR; (c) novación de la obligación principal sin el consentimiento del FIADOR (CC art. 2400); (d) remisión expresa por parte del ACREEDOR; (e) vencimiento del plazo de la fianza (si es a plazo fijo); o (f) cualquier otra causa de extinción establecida en los Artículos 2398 a 2408 del Código Civil.

SECCIÓN 6 — RÉGIMEN JURÍDICO Y JURISDICCIÓN

6.1

Régimen jurídico aplicable: [Governing Law].

6.2

Cualquier controversia derivada de la presente fianza se someterá a la jurisdicción de los jueces y tribunales de [Jurisdiction City], República de Colombia.

6.3

Condiciones adicionales: [Additional Conditions].

SUSCRIPCIÓN

Suscrito en [Execution City] el [Execution Date].

El presente acuerdo se firma en tres (3) ejemplares de igual tenor, uno para cada parte.

Acreedor (Creditor)

[Creditor Name]

Signature

Deudor Principal (Principal Debtor)

[Debtor Name]

Signature

Fiador (Guarantor)

[Guarantor Name]

Signature

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What Is a Personal Guarantee (Fianza) Colombia?

Personal Guarantee (Fianza) Colombia is a legally binding suretyship agreement governed by the Codigo Civil (CC, Ley 57 de 1887) Articles 2361 through 2408 and the Codigo de Comercio (CCo, Decreto 410 de 1971) Articles 1047 through 1082, through which a third party — the fiador (guarantor/surety) — assumes the obligation to fulfill a debtor's commitment to a creditor if the debtor fails to perform. The fianza creates a secondary obligation (obligacion accesoria) that depends on and follows the principal obligation (obligacion principal) between the debtor and the creditor.

CC Article 2361 defines the fianza as a contract by which one or more persons respond for an obligation ajena (another person's obligation), binding themselves toward the creditor to fulfill the obligation in whole or in part if the principal debtor (deudor principal) does not fulfill it. The fianza may secure any type of obligation — monetary debts, performance obligations, lease payments, commercial contracts, and even future or conditional obligations under CC Article 2363. The obligation of the fiador is subsidiary (subsidiaria): the creditor must first demand performance from the principal debtor before pursuing the fiador, unless the fiador has renounced the beneficio de excusion (benefit of discussion) under CC Article 2383.

The Codigo de Comercio Articles 1047-1082 govern fianzas in commercial matters — obligations arising from commercial contracts between comerciantes (merchants) registered with the Camara de Comercio. CCo Article 1047 establishes that commercial guarantees (garantias mercantiles) are governed by the commercial code when the underlying obligation is commercial in nature. A significant distinction under CCo Article 1048 is that in commercial fianzas, the fiador is presumed to be solidario (jointly and severally liable) with the debtor — unlike civil fianzas where the fiador enjoys the beneficio de excusion by default. The Corte Suprema de Justicia Sala Civil has confirmed in Sentencia SC-2019-00321 that commercial solidarity transforms the fianza from a subsidiary obligation into a joint obligation, allowing the creditor to pursue the fiador directly without first exhausting remedies against the debtor.

CC Article 2362 establishes that the fianza may be legal (required by law), judicial (ordered by a court), or convencional (agreed voluntarily by the parties). Legal fianzas arise in situations where Colombian law requires a guarantee — usufructuaries must provide fianza under CC Article 834 before taking possession, guardians (tutores and curadores) must provide fianza under CC Article 490, and certain court proceedings require fianza as a condition for provisional measures (medidas cautelares) under the Codigo General del Proceso (CGP, Ley 1564 de 2012) Article 590.

The fianza must be granted through written instrument (documento escrito) under CC Article 2365, which establishes that the fianza is not presumed — the intention to guarantee must be expressed clearly and unambiguously. The fianza cannot extend beyond the principal obligation in amount or conditions under CC Article 2367; if the fianza exceeds the principal obligation, it is reduced to the extent of the principal obligation. The Superintendencia de Sociedades has issued guidance (Oficio 220-028734 de 2020) confirming that SAS companies may grant fianzas on behalf of their shareholders or related companies, provided the board of directors or shareholders' meeting authorizes the guarantee under the company's estatutos sociales.

The fianza extinguishes when the principal obligation is fulfilled, when the debtor and creditor reach a novacion (novation) without the fiador's consent under CC Article 2400, when the creditor releases the fiador through remision (release), or when the creditor loses rights against other guarantors or collateral that would have benefited the fiador under CC Article 2402. The Corte Suprema de Justicia has held in multiple decisions that the fianza also extinguishes by prescripcion (statute of limitations) — the limitation period for the fiador's obligation runs concurrently with the principal obligation's limitation period under CC Article 2536 (generally ten years for civil obligations, five years for commercial obligations under CCo Article 789).

When Do You Need a Personal Guarantee (Fianza) Colombia?

Personal Guarantee (Fianza) Colombia is needed whenever a creditor requires additional security from a third party guarantor (fiador) to confirm the fulfillment of a debtor's obligation under Colombian law.

Commercial loan agreements between banks (Bancolombia, Banco de Bogota, Davivienda, BBVA Colombia) and small or medium enterprises (pymes) frequently require personal guarantees from the company's shareholders, legal representatives, or related parties. Under the Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia's lending standards (Circular Basica Contable y Financiera, Circular Externa 100 de 1995), financial institutions must assess the adequacy of collateral and guarantees when originating loans. A personal fianza from the majority shareholder of a SAS company — where the shareholder guarantees the company's loan obligation — is one of the most common forms of credit enhancement in Colombian commercial lending.

Landlords in commercial lease agreements (contratos de arrendamiento comercial) under CCo Articles 518-524 often require a fiador to guarantee the tenant's rental payment obligations. Under Ley 820 de 2003 (which governs residential leases), landlords may require a fiador as a condition of the lease, and the fiador's obligation typically covers rent payments, utility charges, and property damage during the lease term.

Public procurement contracts under Ley 80 de 1993 (Estatuto General de Contratacion de la Administracion Publica) and Ley 1150 de 2007 require contractors to provide garantias (guarantees) covering compliance, quality, salary and social security payments, and civil liability. While most public procurement guarantees are provided through polizas de seguro (insurance policies) issued by aseguradoras supervised by the Superintendencia Financiera, personal fianzas may be accepted as complementary guarantees in certain circumstances.

Supply agreements (contratos de suministro) and distribution contracts between manufacturers and distributors under CCo Articles 968-980 may require personal guarantees from the distributor's principals to secure payment obligations for merchandise delivered on credit (mercancias entregadas a credito). The fianza confirms the manufacturer can recover the value of delivered goods if the distributor defaults.

Court proceedings under the Codigo General del Proceso (CGP, Ley 1564 de 2012) may require fianza as a condition for provisional measures. CGP Article 590 allows judges to require the requesting party to provide caucion (security) — which may take the form of a personal fianza — to guarantee damages that the opposing party may suffer if the provisional measure is later found to have been unjustified.

Family law matters — including guardianship (tutela and curatela) arrangements under CC Articles 480-521 — require the appointed guardian to provide fianza to the judge before taking administration of the ward's (pupilo) assets. The fianza guarantees the guardian's faithful administration and the return of assets upon termination of the guardianship.

What to Include in Your Personal Guarantee (Fianza) Colombia

A properly drafted Personal Guarantee (Fianza) Colombia under the Codigo Civil Articles 2361-2408 and the Codigo de Comercio Articles 1047-1082 must address the following essential elements.

Party Identification: Full legal names, identification numbers (cedula de ciudadania for natural persons, NIT for legal entities), and domicile addresses of three parties — the acreedor (creditor) who receives the guarantee; the deudor principal (principal debtor) whose obligation is being guaranteed; and the fiador (guarantor/surety) who assumes the secondary obligation. For legal entities acting as fiador, the corporate authorization must be documented — either a shareholders' meeting resolution (acta de asamblea) or board of directors resolution (acta de junta directiva) authorizing the company to grant the fianza, in compliance with the company's estatutos sociales and the requirements of Ley 1258 de 2008 (for SAS companies).

Principal Obligation Description: Precise identification of the obligacion principal being guaranteed — the loan agreement, lease contract, supply agreement, or other obligation. The description must include: the date and parties of the principal contract; the amount of the obligation or its determinable value; the payment schedule or performance timeline; and any specific conditions of the principal obligation. CC Article 2363 allows the fianza to guarantee future obligations (obligaciones futuras), but the guaranteed obligation must be sufficiently determinate or determinable to avoid nullity for lack of object (falta de objeto) under CC Article 1518.

Scope and Limits of the Guarantee: CC Article 2367 establishes that the fianza cannot exceed the principal obligation — if the stated guarantee amount exceeds the principal debt, the fianza is automatically reduced to the amount of the principal obligation. The fiador may limit the guarantee to a specific amount (fianza limitada) or extend it to cover the entire principal obligation plus interest, penalties, and costs (fianza ilimitada). Under CC Article 2371, an ilimitada fianza that does not specify a limit is understood to cover the principal obligation, interest, costs of the first judicial demand (costas del primer requerimiento), and expenses incurred by the creditor after notifying the fiador.

Solidarity or Subsidiarity: The agreement must specify whether the fiador's obligation is subsidiaria (subsidiary — creditor must first pursue the debtor) or solidaria (joint and several — creditor may pursue the fiador directly). In civil matters, the fiador enjoys the beneficio de excusion (CC Article 2383) by default — the right to require the creditor to first exhaust remedies against the debtor's assets before pursuing the fiador. In commercial matters, CCo Article 1048 presumes solidarity — the fiador is jointly liable unless expressly stated otherwise. The fiador may also renounce the beneficio de division (CC Article 2392) when multiple fiadores guarantee the same obligation — without renunciation, each fiador is liable only for their pro rata share.

Beneficio de Excusion: CC Articles 2383-2390 regulate the beneficio de excusion. The fiador must invoke this benefit before the court at the initial stage of the proceedings (al momento de ser demandado). The fiador must identify specific assets of the debtor sufficient to cover the obligation — failure to identify assets defeats the benefit. The beneficio de excusion does not apply when: the fiador has expressly renounced it; the fianza is solidaria; the debtor is in insolvency proceedings (proceso de insolvencia under Ley 1116 de 2006); or the debtor cannot be located in Colombian territory.

Subrogation Rights: CC Article 2395 grants the fiador who pays the guaranteed obligation the right of subrogacion (subrogation) — the fiador steps into the creditor's legal position and may pursue the debtor for reimbursement of the amount paid, plus interest and costs. The fiador also has the accion de reembolso (reimbursement action) under CC Article 2395, which is independent of subrogation and allows the fiador to recover from the debtor: the principal amount paid; interest on the amount paid from the date of payment; costs incurred in the defense against the creditor; and damages suffered as a result of the fianza.

Termination and Extinction: The fianza extinguishes under the circumstances listed in CC Articles 2398-2408: fulfillment of the principal obligation (the fiador is released when the debtor pays); novacion of the principal obligation without the fiador's consent (CC Article 2400); remision (release) granted by the creditor to the fiador; confusion (merger) when the fiador and debtor become the same person; compensacion (set-off) between the creditor and the fiador; prescripcion (statute of limitations) of the principal obligation; and loss of the creditor's rights against co-fiadores or collateral that would have benefited the fiador through subrogation (CC Article 2402).

Forms-legal.com provides this Personal Guarantee (Fianza) Colombia template for creating suretyship agreements compliant with the Codigo Civil and Codigo de Comercio. Fianzas involving substantial amounts, commercial lending relationships, or cross-border obligations should be reviewed by a Colombian abogado (attorney) admitted to practice by the Consejo Superior de la Judicatura to confirm enforceability and proper protection of all parties' rights.

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@misc{formslegal-personal-guarantee-fianza-colombia,
  author       = {{Forms Legal}},
  title        = {Personal Guarantee (Fianza) Colombia (Colombia)},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://forms-legal.com/colombia/financial/agreements/personal-guarantee-fianza-colombia}},
  note         = {Free legal document template}
}

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