Leasehold Flat Lease Agreement (England & Wales)
Long Residential Lease — England and Wales
Long Residential Lease — England and Wales
Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 | Leasehold Reform (Ground Rent) Act 2022
THIS LEASE is made on [Agreement Date]
BETWEEN:
(1) LANDLORD: [Landlord Name] [Landlord Company Number] of [Landlord Address], [Landlord City], [Landlord County], [Landlord Postcode] (the “Landlord”). Tel: [Landlord Phone]. Email: [Landlord Email].
(2) TENANT: [Tenant Name] of [Tenant Address], [Tenant City], [Tenant Postcode] (the “Tenant”). Tel: [Tenant Phone]. Email: [Tenant Email].
1. DEMISE
1.1 In consideration of the Premium and the covenants on the part of the Tenant contained in this Lease, the Landlord HEREBY DEMISES to the Tenant [Flat Number], [Building Name], [Property Address], [Property City], [Property County], [Property Postcode] (the “Flat”), being [Flat Description], together with the right to use in common with the Landlord and other tenants of the building the communal entrance, stairways, lifts (if any), hallways, and other common parts of the building.
1.2 The HM Land Registry title number for the Flat (where registered) is [Title Number]. The Flat is demised together with the rights and subject to the exceptions and reservations set out in this Lease.
1.3 The demise includes all internal non-structural walls, floors (including floor coverings), ceilings, internal doors, windows (but not the external window frames or glazing unless forming part of the internal finish), and all fixtures and fittings within the Flat, excluding the external walls, structural elements, roof, foundations, and common parts, which remain with the Landlord.
2. TERM
2.1 TO HOLD the same unto the Tenant for a term of [Lease Term] commencing on [Lease Commencement Date] (the “Term”), subject to the covenants on the part of the Tenant and the conditions contained in this Lease.
2.2 The Landlord and the Tenant acknowledge that this Lease is a long residential lease within the meaning of section 76 of the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1993 and the Tenant may therefore enjoy certain statutory rights of lease extension and collective enfranchisement under that Act and the Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024.
3. PREMIUM
3.1 In consideration of the grant of this Lease, the Tenant has paid to the Landlord on or before the date of this Lease the sum of £[Premium Amount] (the “Premium”), the receipt of which the Landlord hereby acknowledges.
3.2 The Premium represents the full purchase price for the leasehold interest in the Flat and is separate from the Ground Rent and Service Charge payable under this Lease.
4. GROUND RENT
4.1 The Tenant shall pay to the Landlord a ground rent of [Ground Rent Type] per annum (the “Ground Rent”)[Ground Rent Amount].
4.2 Where the Ground Rent is a peppercorn, it is agreed that no monetary payment is due or shall be demanded for the Ground Rent in accordance with the Leasehold Reform (Ground Rent) Act 2022. Any provision in this Lease purporting to require a ground rent exceeding a peppercorn shall be void to the extent prohibited by that Act.
4.3 The Landlord shall not demand Ground Rent except by means of a notice in the prescribed form as required by section 166 of the Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002, where applicable. No Ground Rent shall be demanded more than six months before it falls due.
5. SERVICE CHARGE
5.1 In addition to the Ground Rent, the Tenant shall pay to the Landlord (or the managing agent) a service charge (the “Service Charge”) representing the Flat’s proportionate share of the costs reasonably incurred by the Landlord in managing, maintaining, repairing, insuring, decorating, and improving the building and its common parts.
5.2 The current estimated Service Charge is £[Service Charge Estimate] per annum, payable [Service Charge Payment Frequency]. The actual Service Charge will be calculated each year following completion of the annual accounts and may increase or decrease accordingly.
5.3 The Service Charge shall be calculated in accordance with sections 18–30 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985. Service charges are only payable to the extent that they are reasonably incurred and, where they relate to works or services, those works or services are of a reasonable standard. Any contested service charge amount may be referred by the Tenant to the First-tier Tribunal (Property Chamber) under section 27A of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985.
5.4 For any qualifying works or qualifying long-term agreements above the prescribed financial threshold, the Landlord shall follow the statutory consultation procedure under section 20 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985. Failure to consult will limit the Landlord’s recovery to £250 per flat for the relevant works.
5.5 The Landlord shall provide the Tenant with a written summary of costs forming the basis of the Service Charge within six months of the end of each accounting period pursuant to section 21 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985. The Tenant has the right to inspect and take copies of the accounts and supporting documents under section 22 of that Act.
6. BUILDING INSURANCE
6.1 The Landlord shall maintain buildings insurance for the full reinstatement cost of the building (including all flats and common parts) against the usual insured risks, including fire, lightning, explosion, storm, flood, subsidence, and third-party liability. The cost of buildings insurance shall form part of the Service Charge.
6.2 The Tenant shall not do anything or allow anything to be done at the Flat that would invalidate or prejudice the buildings insurance policy. The Tenant shall be responsible for insuring their own contents and personal belongings.
6.3 The Tenant has the right to request a summary of the buildings insurance cover from the Landlord at any time pursuant to section 30A of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985.
7. LANDLORD’S COVENANTS
7.1 The Landlord covenants with the Tenant throughout the Term to:
- keep in good repair and condition the structure and exterior of the building (including the roof, external walls, foundations, and load-bearing elements) pursuant to the Landlord’s obligations under this Lease and the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985;
- keep in good repair and working order all communal services, plant, and equipment serving the building, including lifts (if any), communal heating systems, water supply, drainage, and electrical installations;
- maintain, repair, clean, and light all common parts of the building to a reasonable standard;
- maintain buildings insurance for the full reinstatement cost of the building as provided in clause 6;
- comply with all statutory obligations relating to the building, including fire safety regulations under the Building Safety Act 2022 and the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005;
- provide the Tenant with an address for service of notices in England and Wales pursuant to section 48 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985;
- follow the statutory consultation procedure under section 20 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 before incurring qualifying works expenditure above the prescribed threshold;
- provide annual service charge accounts and supporting documentation to the Tenant within six months of the end of each accounting year pursuant to sections 21 and 22 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985.
8. TENANT’S COVENANTS
8.1 The Tenant covenants with the Landlord throughout the Term to:
- pay the Ground Rent (if any) and Service Charge on the dates and in the manner specified in this Lease;
- keep the Flat and all fixtures, fittings, and installations within the Flat in good and substantial repair and condition, including the interior plaster, internal non-structural walls, and all internal fixtures and fittings;
- keep the Flat clean and tidy, and not allow waste or refuse to accumulate within the Flat or in the common parts;
- not carry out any structural alterations to the Flat or any works affecting the structure, exterior, or services of the building without the prior written consent of the Landlord, which shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed;
- use the Flat for the Permitted Use only, namely [Permitted Use];
- comply with the subletting restrictions in this Lease: [Subletting Permitted];
- carry out alterations and improvements in accordance with the agreed policy: [Alterations Policy];
- comply with all statutes, regulations, and bye-laws affecting the Flat, including any obligations imposed under the Building Safety Act 2022 for higher-risk buildings;
- not cause nuisance or annoyance to the Landlord, other tenants or occupiers of the building, or the owners or occupiers of neighbouring properties;
- not keep or permit any animals at the Flat without the prior written consent of the Landlord;
- permit the Landlord and the Landlord’s agents to enter the Flat at reasonable times and with at least 24 hours’ prior written notice (except in an emergency) to inspect the state of repair and condition of the Flat, to carry out works to the structure or services of the building, or to comply with any statutory obligation;
- comply with any regulations for the management of the building as may be reasonably made by the Landlord from time to time and notified to the Tenant in writing;
- not display any sign, notice, or advertisement on the exterior of the building or in any window of the Flat visible from outside without the prior written consent of the Landlord.
9. FORFEITURE
9.1 If and whenever the Tenant fails to pay the Ground Rent or Service Charge or any other money due under this Lease within 21 days of it becoming due (whether demanded or not), or if the Tenant commits a breach of any covenant or condition in this Lease, the Landlord may re-enter the Flat and determine this Lease.
9.2 Notwithstanding clause 9.1, the Landlord’s right of re-entry for breach of covenant (other than non-payment of rent) is subject to sections 168–169 of the Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002, which prohibit the exercise of the right of re-entry unless the breach has been admitted by the Tenant or finally determined by the First-tier Tribunal (Property Chamber) or a court.
9.3 The right of forfeiture for non-payment of service charges is further restricted by section 167 of the Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002: forfeiture for non-payment of service charges is not available unless the unpaid amount exceeds the de minimis threshold prescribed by the Lord Chancellor from time to time.
9.4 The Tenant has the right to apply to the court for relief against forfeiture under section 146 of the Law of Property Act 1925 and the County Courts Act 1984.
10. STATUTORY RIGHTS
10.1 The Tenant has the statutory right under the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1993 (as amended by the Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024) to require the Landlord to grant a new lease extending the Term by 90 years at a peppercorn ground rent, subject to the payment of a premium calculated in accordance with the statutory formula. The right arises after the Tenant has held the leasehold interest for a qualifying period.
10.2 Qualifying leaseholders in the building may also have the right to exercise collective enfranchisement under the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1993 (as amended) to collectively purchase the freehold of the building.
10.3 Leaseholders in the building may have the right to exercise the Right to Manage under the Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 (as amended by the Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024) to take over the management of the building without payment and without proving fault by the Landlord.
10.4 Nothing in this Lease restricts, excludes, or purports to limit any of the Tenant’s statutory rights under the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1993, the Leasehold Reform (Ground Rent) Act 2022, the Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002, the Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024, or any other statute.
11. DATA PROTECTION
11.1 The Landlord and any managing agent shall process the Tenant’s personal data in accordance with the UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) as retained in domestic law by the Data Protection Act 2018. Personal data will be processed only for the purposes of managing the Lease, enforcing the Landlord’s covenants, and complying with statutory obligations. The Landlord’s privacy notice will be provided separately.
12. NOTICES
12.1 Any notice or document required or authorised under this Lease shall be in writing. For the purposes of section 48 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985, the Landlord’s address for service of notices is [Landlord Address], [Landlord City], [Landlord County], [Landlord Postcode]. Notices shall be served by hand, first-class post, or email. Notices sent by post shall be deemed received on the second business day after posting.
13. THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
13.1 A person who is not a party to this Lease shall have no right under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 to enforce any of its terms, except that a managing agent named in this Lease may enforce any term of this Lease to the extent that it expressly so provides.
14. GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION
14.1 This Lease shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of England and Wales. Each party irrevocably submits to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of England and Wales to settle any dispute arising out of or in connection with this Lease or its subject matter.
EXECUTED AS A DEED
by the parties hereto on the date first written above
SIGNED as a deed by the LANDLORD:
Name: [Landlord Name]
Address: [Landlord Address], [Landlord City], [Landlord County], [Landlord Postcode]
SIGNED as a deed by the TENANT:
Name: [Tenant Name]
Address: [Tenant Address], [Tenant City], [Tenant Postcode]
Landlord
________________
Signature
Date: ________________
Tenant
________________
Signature
Date: ________________
What Is a Leasehold Flat Lease Agreement (England & Wales)?
A Leasehold Flat Lease Agreement in the United Kingdom sets the rent, deposit, fixed term, repairing obligations, and notice requirements for a residential let, as regulated by the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985.
Leasehold ownership is the dominant and in many respects the only available form of individual flat ownership in England and Wales. English property law does not recognise freehold ownership of a part of a building in the same way that strata title systems operate in Australia or condominium ownership operates in the United States and Canada. Each flat in a residential block must therefore be held as a leasehold interest carved out of the freehold, with the freeholder retaining ownership of the building's structure, common parts, and underlying land. When a person buys a flat in England or Wales, they are almost always buying the leasehold interest — not the freehold — and the lease agreement is the document that defines what they own, what they must pay, and what they can and cannot do.
The legal framework governing long residential flat leases in England and Wales is extensive and has been substantially reformed in recent years. The principal statutes are the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985, which regulates service charges and imposes statutory repairing obligations; the Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002, which strengthened leaseholders' rights regarding service charge disputes, the forfeiture process, and the statutory Right to Manage; the Leasehold Reform (Ground Rent) Act 2022, which abolished ground rent on new regulated leases from 30 June 2022; and the Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024, which introduced further reforms including improvements to lease extension and collective enfranchisement rights and enhanced service charge transparency.
The Leasehold Reform (Ground Rent) Act 2022 was a landmark piece of legislation. With effect from 30 June 2022, it became a criminal offence for landlords to charge more than a peppercorn ground rent (effectively nil) on new regulated residential long leases. Any lease provision purporting to require payment of a ground rent above a peppercorn is void under the Act. This fundamentally changed the financial dynamics of new flat purchases in England and Wales and removed a significant source of dispute and hardship for leaseholders who had been subject to doubling or inflation-linked ground rent clauses in older leases.
Our UK Leasehold Flat Lease Agreement template provides a thorough and legally current framework for the grant of a long residential lease of a flat in England and Wales, incorporating all the statutory requirements and best practice provisions needed for both landlords and leaseholders.
When Do You Need a Leasehold Flat Lease Agreement (England & Wales)?
A Leasehold Flat Lease Agreement is required in a number of circumstances in England and Wales. Most commonly, it is needed when a property developer constructs a new residential block and grants individual flat leases to purchasers. Each purchaser receives their own long lease from the developer (or the freeholder that the developer has set up), and the lease governs the purchaser's rights and obligations for the duration of the term.
The agreement is also used when an existing freeholder sells off individual flats in a converted house or existing building, granting a long lease to each flat purchaser. Similarly, a private individual who owns the freehold of a converted property may use this document to grant long leases of individual flats to buyers, raising capital through the premium paid for each lease.
A Leasehold Flat Lease Agreement is particularly important where the building has a complex structure with multiple leaseholders sharing common services and facilities. In this situation, a thorough lease that clearly defines the landlord's repairing obligations, the service charge structure, the consultation process for major works, and the procedures for resolving disputes is essential to avoid costly and time-consuming disagreements.
Lenders also have a critical interest in the terms of the lease. When a purchaser finances their flat purchase with a mortgage, the mortgage lender will require the lease to satisfy its minimum acceptable terms, including that the unexpired term is sufficient (most lenders require at least 70 to 85 years remaining at the time of the mortgage application), that the ground rent (if any) does not exceed a prescribed proportion of the property value, and that the service charge provisions are reasonable and enforceable.
The United Kingdom Leasehold Flat Lease Agreement (England & Wales) template is suitable for a new long residential lease granted by a freeholder to a leaseholder. It is not designed for use as an assured shorthold tenancy (short-term rental), a commercial lease, a statutory lease extension under the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1993, or a shared ownership lease. Legal advice is strongly recommended when granting or accepting a long residential lease, particularly for leases involving complex buildings or substantial sums.
What to Include in Your Leasehold Flat Lease Agreement (England & Wales)
A properly drafted Leasehold Flat Lease Agreement for England and Wales must contain several essential elements.
The parties and demise clause identifies the landlord (freeholder) and tenant (leaseholder) by their full legal names and addresses, and defines the flat being leased with precision — including the flat number, floor, building name and address, and HM Land Registry title number where available. The demise should specify what is and is not included: typically, the flat includes all internal non-structural parts but excludes the external walls, structure, roof, and common parts.
The term clause states the length of the leasehold interest from the commencement date. Terms of 99, 125, 250, and 999 years are common. Leaseholders should be aware that leases with fewer than 80 years remaining attract higher lease extension premiums (because marriage value becomes payable), making timely lease extension important.
The premium clause records the capital sum paid by the tenant to the landlord for the grant of the lease. This is the purchase price of the flat, paid on completion, and is separate from the ongoing ground rent and service charge obligations.
The ground rent clause must comply with the Leasehold Reform (Ground Rent) Act 2022 for new regulated leases granted on or after 30 June 2022 — the ground rent must not exceed a peppercorn. Charging a prohibited rent above a peppercorn is a criminal offence under the Act, with fines of up to £30,000.
The service charge clause is one of the most commercially significant and legally complex provisions. Under sections 18 to 30 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985, service charges are only recoverable to the extent reasonably incurred and the works or services are of a reasonable standard. The landlord must follow the statutory consultation procedure under section 20 before incurring qualifying works above the £250 per flat threshold, must provide annual accounts under section 21, and must permit the tenant to inspect supporting documents under section 22. Disputed service charges can be referred to the First-tier Tribunal (Property Chamber).
The reserve fund (sinking fund) provision allows the landlord to collect additional sums from leaseholders in advance to fund future major repair or replacement works, reducing the risk of large one-off demands.
The landlord's covenants and tenant's covenants sections set out the respective obligations of each party, including the landlord's obligations to repair the structure and common parts, maintain building insurance, and consult on major works, and the tenant's obligations to maintain the interior of the flat, pay service charges, and comply with use restrictions.
The forfeiture clause must reflect the statutory protections for long leaseholders under sections 166 to 168 of the Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002, which prevent the landlord from exercising forfeiture without a judicial determination of the breach.
The statutory rights acknowledgement records the tenant's statutory rights to lease extension, collective enfranchisement, and the Right to Manage. The governing law clause confirms England and Wales. The forms-legal.com Leasehold Flat Lease Agreement (England & Wales) template covers the mandatory elements under Landlord and Tenant Act 1985.
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Reference this free template in an article, syllabus, or research note:
Forms Legal. (2026). Leasehold Flat Lease Agreement (England & Wales) (United Kingdom) [Legal document template]. Forms Legal. https://forms-legal.com/uk/real-estate/leases/leasehold-flat-lease-agreement-england-wales
"Leasehold Flat Lease Agreement (England & Wales) (United Kingdom)." Forms Legal, 2026, https://forms-legal.com/uk/real-estate/leases/leasehold-flat-lease-agreement-england-wales.
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year = {2026},
howpublished = {\url{https://forms-legal.com/uk/real-estate/leases/leasehold-flat-lease-agreement-england-wales}},
note = {Free legal document template. Based on Landlord and Tenant Act 1985}
}Also available for these jurisdictions:
Frequently Asked Questions
A freeholder owns the land and any buildings on it outright and indefinitely. A leaseholder, by contrast, holds a time-limited property interest in a flat for the duration of the lease term, which might be 99, 125, 250, or 999 years. When the lease expires, ownership of the flat reverts to the freeholder unless the leaseholder has exercised their statutory right to extend the lease under the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1993 (as amended by the Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024). Leaseholders pay a premium (the purchase price) to acquire the leasehold interest, and ongoing ground rent (now capped at a peppercorn for new regulated leases under the Leasehold Reform (Ground Rent) Act 2022) and service charges for the maintenance of the building. Leasehold is the dominant form of flat ownership in England and Wales because English property law does not permit freehold ownership of part of a building, unlike the condominium and strata title systems used in North America and Australia.
The Leasehold Reform (Ground Rent) Act 2022 (which came into force on 30 June 2022) fundamentally changed the ground rent position for new regulated residential long leases in England and Wales. The Act prohibits landlords from charging more than a peppercorn (effectively nil) ground rent on new regulated residential long leases. Any lease provision purporting to require a ground rent above a peppercorn is void, and charging a prohibited rent above a peppercorn is a criminal offence under the Act, with fines of up to £30,000. The Act applies to any new regulated lease, which means a lease of a dwelling granted for a term exceeding 21 years, with certain exceptions. For flat purchasers, this means that any flat bought with a new long lease granted on or after 30 June 2022 should have a peppercorn ground rent, eliminating the ground rent escalation issues that affected many purchasers under older leases.
Sections 18 to 30 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 provide significant protections for residential leaseholders in relation to service charges. A service charge is defined as an amount payable by a tenant as part of or in addition to the rent, variable in accordance with the relevant costs. Key protections include: service charges are only recoverable to the extent that the costs were reasonably incurred and the works or services are of a reasonable standard (section 19); for qualifying works above the prescribed threshold (currently £250 per flat for one-off works), the landlord must follow the statutory consultation procedure under section 20 before incurring the expenditure, or the recovery from any single tenant is limited to £250; the landlord must provide an annual written summary of costs (section 21); and tenants have the right to inspect and copy accounts and receipts (section 22). Any leaseholder who disputes a service charge demand can apply to the First-tier Tribunal (Property Chamber) for a determination of whether the charge is payable and, if so, in what amount. The Tribunal has power to declare service charges unreasonable and to limit the amount recoverable.
Under the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1993 (as amended by the Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024), a qualifying long leaseholder of a flat has the statutory right to require the landlord to grant a new lease extending the existing term by 90 years at a peppercorn ground rent, in exchange for payment of a premium calculated according to a statutory formula. Under the Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024, the qualifying period of ownership (previously two years) has been reduced, and marriage value has been abolished for lease extensions, significantly reducing the cost of extension for leases with fewer than 80 years remaining. It is generally advisable to extend the lease while it still has more than 80 years remaining, as leases with fewer remaining years attract significantly higher premiums and may be difficult to mortgage or sell.
Forfeiture is a landlord's right to terminate the lease before its natural expiry for breach of covenant by the tenant. For long residential leases, the right of forfeiture is heavily restricted by the Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002. Under section 168, a landlord cannot exercise the right of re-entry or forfeiture for breach of any covenant (other than non-payment of rent) unless the breach has been admitted by the tenant or finally determined by the First-tier Tribunal (Property Chamber) or a court. This means the landlord cannot unilaterally decide there has been a breach and forfeit the lease. Section 166 prevents a landlord from demanding ground rent unless a formal notice in the prescribed form has been served. Section 167 prevents forfeiture for non-payment of service charges unless the unpaid amount exceeds the de minimis threshold. Even where forfeiture is technically available, the tenant can apply for relief against forfeiture under section 146 of the Law of Property Act 1925.
The Right to Manage (RTM) is a statutory right under the Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 (as amended by the Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024) that allows qualifying leaseholders to take over the management of their building from the landlord without proving fault and without having to pay for the right. To exercise the RTM, leaseholders must form a Right to Manage company and serve a claim notice on the landlord. The RTM is available where at least two-thirds of the flats are held on long leases, and the building meets other qualifying conditions. The Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 has reduced the qualifying residential floor area threshold for mixed-use buildings from 25% to 50%, allowing more buildings to qualify. Once the RTM company acquires the right to manage, it takes over responsibility for service charge collection, appointing contractors, and managing the building. The landlord retains the freehold.
This template is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Laws vary by jurisdiction and change over time. Consult a qualified attorney for advice specific to your situation.Full disclaimer
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