A Canadian Oil and Gas Lease Agreement is a legal contract between a mineral rights owner (Lessor) and an exploration and production company (Lessee) that grants the Lessee the exclusive right to explore for, drill, produce, and market oil, natural gas, and other hydrocarbons from specified lands. This type of lease is fundamental to the Canadian energy industry, particularly in the western producing provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan.

Canada's mineral rights system differs significantly from other jurisdictions. In Western Canada, approximately 81% of subsurface mineral rights are owned by the Crown (provincial governments), while the remaining 19% are freehold (privately owned). For Crown minerals, companies acquire leases through public auctions administered by provincial energy ministries. For freehold minerals, the landowner negotiates a private lease agreement directly with the operator. This template is designed for freehold mineral leases between private parties.

The oil and gas industry in Canada is heavily regulated at both the provincial and federal levels. In Alberta, the Mines and Minerals Act (R.S.A. 2000, c. M-17) and the Oil and Gas Conservation Act (R.S.A. 2000, c. O-6) are the foundational statutes, administered by the Alberta Energy Regulator (AER). British Columbia's Petroleum and Natural Gas Act (R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 361) and the Oil and Gas Activities Act (S.B.C. 2008, c. 36) are administered by the BC Energy Regulator. Saskatchewan's Oil and Gas Conservation Act (S.S. 2022, c. O-2.1) and the Crown Minerals Act (S.S. 1984-85-86, c. C-50.2) govern operations in that province.

A Canadian Oil and Gas Lease Agreement is needed whenever a freehold mineral rights owner wishes to grant an exploration and production company the right to explore for and produce hydrocarbons from their land. This arrangement is most common in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia, where significant oil and gas reserves exist beneath privately held lands.

The lease is essential when a landowner is approached by an oil and gas company seeking to drill on their property. The lease protects the landowner's interests by establishing the financial terms (bonus payment, delay rentals, and royalty rate), the duration of the lease, the permitted operations, and the environmental and reclamation obligations of the operator. Without a written lease, the landowner risks losing control over how their mineral estate is developed.

The lease is also required before any drilling or production activity can lawfully commence, as provincial energy regulators require proof of mineral rights before issuing well licences. In Alberta, the AER requires evidence of mineral title as part of the well licence application process under the Oil and Gas Conservation Rules. The lease term typically includes a primary term of three to ten years, during which the operator must either commence drilling or pay annual delay rentals to maintain the lease. If production is achieved, the lease continues for as long as production continues in paying quantities.

An effective Canadian Oil and Gas Lease Agreement must include several essential elements. The granting clause must clearly define the scope of the rights being granted, including the right to explore, drill, produce, and market oil, gas, and other hydrocarbons, together with the right of ingress and egress to the leased lands. The land description must use the Dominion Land Survey system (section, township, range, and meridian) common in Western Canada, or the provincial lot and plan system where applicable.

The financial terms must specify three types of payments: (1) a signing bonus payable upon execution of the lease; (2) annual delay rentals payable during the primary term if drilling has not commenced, to keep the lease in force; and (3) a royalty rate on production revenue. The royalty clause should specify whether deductions for transportation, processing, and compression are permitted, and whether the royalty is calculated at the wellhead or point of sale. The lessor's freehold royalty is separate from and in addition to the Crown royalty payable to the provincial government.

The lease must address surface rights and surface access. Under Alberta's Surface Rights Act (R.S.A. 2000, c. S-24), operators must negotiate surface lease agreements with surface landowners (who may or may not be the mineral rights owners) and may apply to the Surface Rights Board for right-of-entry orders if negotiations fail. Environmental obligations must be comprehensive, requiring compliance with all applicable federal and provincial environmental legislation and committing the operator to full reclamation of the land upon lease termination. The governing law clause should reference the applicable provincial legislation, including the Mines and Minerals Act, Oil and Gas Conservation Act, and Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act.