A Canadian Business Purchase Agreement is a comprehensive legal contract governing the sale and purchase of a business enterprise. In Canada, businesses can be acquired through a share purchase (where the purchaser buys the corporation's shares and inherits all assets and liabilities) or an asset purchase (where the purchaser acquires specific assets and assumes only specified liabilities). Most private business acquisitions in Canada are structured as share purchases because of the simplicity of transferring ownership and the potential availability of the lifetime capital gains exemption under section 110.6 of the Income Tax Act.

The agreement must comply with federal and provincial corporate legislation. For federally incorporated corporations, the Canada Business Corporations Act (CBCA, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-44) governs corporate transactions. Each province has its own corporations act, including the Ontario Business Corporations Act (OBCA), British Columbia Business Corporations Act (BCBCA), and Alberta Business Corporations Act (ABCA). The Competition Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34) imposes pre-merger notification requirements on transactions exceeding prescribed thresholds.

Tax considerations are central to Canadian business sales. The Income Tax Act determines whether gains are treated as capital gains or business income, and the purchase price allocation among asset classes affects both the seller's tax liability and the buyer's capital cost allowance (CCA) deductions. The Excise Tax Act governs GST/HST implications, with the Form GST44 joint election potentially available for asset purchases. Provincial land transfer taxes, provincial sales taxes, and specific industry regulations may also apply depending on the nature of the business and the province where it operates.

A Canadian Business Purchase Agreement is needed whenever a buyer acquires all or a controlling interest in a business enterprise. This includes scenarios where an entrepreneur is purchasing an existing business as a going concern, where a corporation is acquiring a competitor or complementary business, or where a management team is conducting a management buyout (MBO) of their employer's business.

The agreement is essential for private sales between individuals, sales of family businesses to the next generation (which may involve the use of estate freezes and family trusts under the Income Tax Act), sales of businesses in receivership or bankruptcy, acquisitions by foreign purchasers (which may also trigger review under the Investment Canada Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. 28 (1st Supp.)), and corporate reorganizations where assets or shares are transferred between related entities.

Without a properly drafted business purchase agreement, the parties face significant risks including disputes over what assets and liabilities are included, unanticipated tax consequences, potential liability for the seller's pre-existing obligations, claims from the seller's creditors, and exposure to environmental or regulatory liabilities. If the business has employees, the purchaser must also consider employment law obligations, including potential constructive dismissal claims and the requirement to provide reasonable notice or pay in lieu of notice under common law and provincial employment standards legislation.

A valid Canadian Business Purchase Agreement must clearly identify the parties, the business being sold, and the acquisition structure (share purchase or asset purchase). It must specify the purchase price in Canadian dollars (CAD), the payment terms (including any vendor take-back financing arrangements), and the closing date and location. For share purchases, the agreement must identify the class and number of shares being transferred and require delivery of share certificates endorsed for transfer.

Comprehensive representations and warranties are critical and must be specifically tailored to Canadian legal requirements. The seller's representations should address corporate status and good standing, clear title to shares or assets, accuracy of financial statements prepared under Canadian GAAP or IFRS, compliance with all federal and provincial taxes (income tax, GST/HST, payroll taxes, provincial sales taxes), absence of undisclosed liabilities or pending litigation, validity of material contracts, environmental compliance, and employment matters including compliance with provincial employment standards.

If the transaction may exceed the notification thresholds under the Competition Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34), the agreement should include pre-merger notification provisions and a condition precedent that the applicable waiting period has expired or clearance has been obtained from the Competition Bureau. Non-competition and non-solicitation covenants must be reasonable in scope, duration, and geographic area to be enforceable under Canadian common law. The governing law clause must specify the applicable Canadian province, and the agreement should provide for dispute resolution through the courts of that province.