A Canadian Sales Contract is a legally binding agreement between a seller and a buyer that establishes the terms and conditions for the sale and purchase of goods. It covers the description of the goods, the purchase price in Canadian dollars, payment terms, delivery obligations, inspection rights, warranties, and remedies for breach. Unlike a simple bill of sale that records a completed transfer, a sales contract governs the entire transaction from the moment of agreement through delivery, acceptance, and any post-delivery obligations.

The sale of goods in Canada is regulated at the provincial level. Each common law province has enacted its own Sale of Goods Act, based on the original United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1893. Ontario's Sale of Goods Act (R.S.O. 1990, c. S.1), British Columbia's Sale of Goods Act (R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 410), and Alberta's Sale of Goods Act (R.S.A. 2000, c. S-2) are the most commonly referenced statutes. These acts imply certain terms into every sale of goods contract, including warranties of merchantable quality, fitness for a particular purpose, and correspondence with description, unless the parties expressly agree otherwise.

In Quebec, the sale of goods is governed by the Civil Code of Quebec (Code civil du Quebec), specifically Articles 1708 through 1805 on the contract of sale and Articles 1726 through 1733 on the warranty of quality. Quebec's framework is based on civil law rather than common law, which creates distinct rules regarding the seller's obligation to disclose latent defects (garantie contre les vices caches) and the buyer's right to price reduction or rescission.

For commercial sales, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) or Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) applies under the Excise Tax Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. E-15). The GST rate is 5% federally, while HST rates range from 13% in Ontario to 15% in the Atlantic provinces. Private sales between individuals who are not GST/HST registrants are generally exempt. The Competition Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34) also governs fair trading practices in commercial sales, prohibiting misleading representations and deceptive marketing practices.

A Canadian Sales Contract is needed whenever goods of significant value change hands and the parties require a binding agreement that governs the entire transaction, not just the moment of transfer. While a simple bill of sale may suffice for a straightforward cash sale of a used item, a sales contract is essential when the transaction involves payment terms, delivery obligations, quality warranties, or ongoing responsibilities.

This contract is particularly important for business-to-business transactions where one company purchases goods from another, whether raw materials, finished products, equipment, inventory, or supplies. The contract establishes the unit price, total purchase price, GST/HST treatment, payment schedule, delivery method, inspection rights, and remedies for non-conforming goods. Without a written contract, disputes about quality, quantity, delivery timing, and payment terms become difficult to resolve.

Private sales of high-value items also benefit from a formal sales contract. Selling a collection of furniture, artwork, electronics, or machinery for several thousand dollars warrants documentation that goes beyond a receipt. The contract protects the buyer by establishing quality warranties and inspection rights, and protects the seller by confirming the sale price, payment terms, and the buyer's acceptance of the goods.

A sales contract is also necessary when the sale involves instalment payments, where the buyer pays the purchase price over time rather than in a single payment. The contract must specify the instalment schedule, the consequences of late payment, and whether title passes immediately or upon full payment. Sales involving delivery by courier or freight carrier require explicit delivery terms, including which party bears the risk of loss during transit and which party pays shipping costs.

Parties and Identification -- The full legal names and mailing addresses of the Seller and Buyer, including the province or territory and postal code. For business entities, specify the type of entity (corporation, partnership, or sole proprietorship) and the jurisdiction of incorporation or registration.

Goods Description -- A clear and detailed description of the goods being sold, including quantity, specifications, model numbers, and any distinguishing features. Vague descriptions lead to disputes; specific descriptions protect both parties.

Purchase Price and GST/HST -- The total purchase price in Canadian dollars, the unit price if applicable, and a clear statement of whether the price includes or excludes GST/HST under the Excise Tax Act. For commercial sales, specify the applicable tax rate and the GST/HST registration numbers of the parties.

Payment Terms -- The payment structure (lump sum or instalments), the due date, and the accepted payment methods. Canadian-specific payment methods include Interac e-Transfer, certified cheque, and bank draft, in addition to wire transfer and cash.

Delivery Terms -- How, when, and where the goods will be delivered. Specify the delivery carrier (Canada Post, Purolator, FedEx, or other), the delivery deadline, the delivery address, and which party bears shipping costs and risk of loss during transit.

Inspection and Defect Reporting -- The buyer's right to inspect goods upon delivery and the timeframe for reporting defects. Under the provincial Sale of Goods Acts, unless the contract explicitly states the sale is as-is, implied warranties of merchantable quality apply, giving the buyer legal recourse if the goods are defective.

Warranties -- The seller's express warranties regarding the quality, condition, and title of the goods, in addition to any implied warranties under the applicable Sale of Goods Act. Specify whether the sale is with full warranties or on an as-is basis.

Termination and Breach -- The grounds for termination, including material breach, insolvency under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. B-3), and force majeure events. Include the cure period for material breaches.

Governing Law -- The province whose Sale of Goods Act and other legislation govern the contract, and the courts with jurisdiction over disputes. For transactions involving Quebec, reference the Civil Code of Quebec rather than the common law Sale of Goods Act.