A Canadian Land Transfer with Warranty Covenants is the legal instrument used to convey real property from a grantor to a grantee with comprehensive title warranties. It is the functional equivalent of a general warranty deed in U.S. jurisdictions. The grantor covenants that they hold clear and marketable title, have the legal authority to make the transfer, and will defend the grantee’s title against all claims arising from any period of ownership.

In Canada, land transfers are governed by provincial legislation and must be registered at the applicable Land Titles Office to be effective. Ontario uses the Land Registration Reform Act (R.S.O. 1990, c. L.4) and the Teraview electronic registration system, where the standard Transfer/Deed of Land form is filed. Alberta operates under the Land Titles Act (R.S.A. 2000, c. L-4) with its SPIN2 electronic system and Torrens title guarantee. British Columbia registers transfers through the Land Title and Survey Authority under the Land Title Act (R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 250).

The warranty covenants distinguish this instrument from a quitclaim deed, which transfers only whatever interest the grantor may hold without any warranties. With warranty covenants, the grantor assumes liability for title defects that existed at any time during the property’s ownership history. In Quebec, the Civil Code (Code civil du Québec, Articles 1716–1733) imposes similar warranty obligations on sellers of immovable property, including the warranty of ownership (garantie du droit de propriété) and the warranty against latent defects (garantie de qualité).

A Land Transfer with Warranty Covenants is used whenever the grantee requires maximum protection regarding the quality of title being conveyed. This is the standard instrument for arm’s-length residential property sales in Canada, where the buyer expects assurance that the title is free from all defects, charges, and encumbrances.

This document is essential for standard residential property sales where the buyer is obtaining mortgage financing and the lender requires warranty covenants, commercial property transfers where the value of the warranty protection justifies the additional liability assumed by the grantor, and any sale where the parties have negotiated full title warranties as part of their Agreement of Purchase and Sale.

The instrument is particularly important in provinces that still maintain a registry system (as opposed to the Torrens system), where title must be verified through a historical chain-of-title search. Even in Torrens system provinces such as Alberta, warranty covenants provide additional contractual protection beyond the statutory title guarantee. The spousal consent provision is critical when the property is a matrimonial home, as the Family Law Act in Ontario and equivalent legislation in other provinces prohibits disposal of a matrimonial home without the other spouse’s consent. Mineral rights reservations are commonly included in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and other western provinces where subsurface resource rights have significant economic value.

Every enforceable Canadian Land Transfer with Warranty Covenants must identify both parties with their full legal names, entity types, and addresses, along with a complete legal description of the property that matches the registered title. The document must include the applicable property identification number: PIN in Ontario, PID in British Columbia, or LINC in Alberta.

The warranty covenants are the defining feature. The grantor warrants lawful ownership, freedom from undisclosed charges, authority to convey, and commitment to defend the grantee’s title against all claims. These covenants create a contractual obligation that survives the closing and can be enforced even after registration of the transfer.

Consideration must be stated if the transfer is for value, as the amount affects land transfer tax calculations. Ontario’s Land Transfer Tax Act (R.S.O. 1990, c. L.6) imposes a tiered tax from 0.5% to 2.5% based on the consideration. British Columbia charges a Property Transfer Tax under the Property Transfer Tax Act (R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 378). Alberta charges only a flat registration fee under the Land Titles Act.

Mineral rights reservations are important in western provinces where subsurface rights may be separately owned under the Mines and Minerals Act (R.S.A. 2000, c. M-17). Spousal consent is required under the Family Law Act (R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3, s. 21) in Ontario and equivalent legislation in other provinces when the property is a matrimonial home. Witnesses are generally required for land transfers in most provinces. The governing law clause must reference the province where the property is located, and the transfer must be signed by both parties before submission to the Land Titles Office for registration.