An Australian WHS Risk Assessment is a systematic process for identifying hazards in a workplace, evaluating the likelihood and consequence of harm, and determining and documenting the control measures needed to protect workers and other persons. It is a core requirement of the work health and safety management system for every Australian workplace and is mandated by the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (Cth) and the Work Health and Safety Regulation 2017 (Cth). The legal obligation to conduct WHS risk assessments arises from the primary duty of care in WHS Act 2011 s 19, which requires the person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health and safety of workers and other persons at the workplace. This broad duty encompasses the identification and management of all reasonably foreseeable hazards. The specific risk management process is set out in WHS Regulation 2017 Part 3.1, which requires the PCBU to: identify reasonably foreseeable hazards (reg 34); eliminate risks so far as is reasonably practicable, or — if elimination is not reasonably practicable — minimise risks so far as is reasonably practicable (reg 35); select and implement control measures using the hierarchy of controls (reg 36); maintain and review control measures (regs 37-38); and identify any duty to consult (WHS Act s 47-49). The hierarchy of controls established by WHS Act ss 17-19 and WHS Regulation regs 34-38 requires the PCBU to work through levels of control in order of decreasing effectiveness and reliability: (1) Elimination — removing the hazard entirely from the workplace is the most effective control and should always be considered first; (2) Substitution — replacing the hazardous thing, substance, or work practice with something less hazardous; (3) Isolation — physically separating workers from the hazard using barriers, enclosures, or remote operation; (4) Engineering controls — modifying equipment, plant, or the work environment to reduce the hazard (guards, ventilation, noise enclosures); (5) Administrative controls — implementing safe work procedures, training, supervision, job rotation, signage, and permits to work; (6) Personal protective equipment (PPE) — provided as a last resort or to supplement higher-order controls, and always provided free of charge to workers under WHS Regulation reg 44. Under WHS Act 2011 s 47, the PCBU must, so far as is reasonably practicable, consult workers who are (or are likely to be) directly affected by a matter relating to work health and safety, including during the hazard identification and risk management process. Health and safety representatives (HSRs) elected under WHS Act Part 5 have specific rights to participate in and be consulted about WHS risk management, including the right to inspect the workplace and review WHS documentation. Failure to consult workers is itself a breach of the WHS Act. Under WHS Act 2011 s 27, officers of the PCBU (directors, senior executives) have a personal positive duty to exercise due diligence to ensure the organisation complies with the WHS Act and Regulation. A documented, regularly reviewed risk assessment is a key mechanism for demonstrating officer due diligence under this provision. Officers can be held personally liable for failures of due diligence, with fines of up to $600,000 for Category 2 offences under the WHS Act. Specific hazard categories have additional WHS Regulation requirements: noise exposure above 85 dB(A) triggers the audiometric testing and hearing protection obligations in WHS Regulation regs 55-60; hazardous chemicals trigger the SDS, labelling, health monitoring, and risk assessment requirements in WHS Regulation Chapter 7; hazardous manual tasks trigger the specific risk assessment obligation in WHS Regulation regs 59-64; and work at heights above 2 metres (in construction) triggers the fall prevention obligations in WHS Regulation Chapter 6. This WHS Risk Assessment template covers all key elements required by the WHS Act and Regulation, including organisation details, assessment scope and methodology, worker consultation records, comprehensive hazard identification across physical, chemical, ergonomic, and psychosocial categories, risk evaluation using a risk matrix, control measures structured according to the full hierarchy of controls, residual risk re-assessment, an implementation plan with priority actions and responsible persons, and sign-off by the assessor and approving manager.
What Is a WHS Risk Assessment (Australia)?
A WHS Risk Assessment is a systematic, documented process through which a workplace identifies its hazards, evaluates the associated risks to workers and other persons, and determines the control measures needed to eliminate or minimise those risks. In Australia, risk assessment is a fundamental legal obligation under the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (Cth) and the Work Health and Safety Regulation 2017 (Cth), which establish a mandatory risk management framework for all persons conducting a business or undertaking (PCBUs).
Under WHS Act s 19, the PCBU must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health and safety of workers and other persons at the workplace. WHS Regulation Part 3.1 implements this duty by requiring the PCBU to identify reasonably foreseeable hazards (reg 34), eliminate risks so far as is reasonably practicable or minimise them using the hierarchy of controls (regs 35-36), and maintain and review controls to ensure they remain effective (regs 37-38).
A WHS Risk Assessment uses a risk matrix — combining likelihood and consequence — to evaluate and prioritise each hazard, guiding the allocation of resources to the highest-risk hazards first. The hierarchy of controls structures the selection of control measures from most to least effective: elimination, substitution, isolation, engineering controls, administrative controls, and PPE. Worker consultation under WHS Act s 47 is a mandatory part of the risk assessment process.
When Do You Need a WHS Risk Assessment (Australia)?
A WHS Risk Assessment is required in the following circumstances:
When setting up or modifying a workplace or work system: before commencing a new activity, introducing new plant or substances, or making significant changes to the workplace layout, work practices, or staffing.
Periodic reviews: as part of the organisation's routine WHS management system, typically annually for high-risk activities and every one to three years for lower-risk activities.
After an incident or near miss: when a workplace accident, injury, illness, dangerous incident, or near miss occurs, the risk assessment for the relevant hazard must be reviewed and updated to ensure the control measures in place are adequate.
When a hazard is newly identified: when a worker, health and safety representative, or inspection identifies a previously unrecognised hazard.
When requested by the WHS regulator: WHS inspectors may request to inspect risk assessments and other WHS documentation during workplace visits; a risk assessment that is not current or not available may attract an improvement or prohibition notice.
For specific regulatory triggers: certain WHS Regulation provisions require a risk assessment as a precondition to certain activities (e.g., work with hazardous chemicals, confined space work, and high-risk construction work).
What to Include in Your WHS Risk Assessment (Australia)
A comprehensive and compliant Australian WHS Risk Assessment should include the following key elements:
**Organisation and workplace details**: Legal name, ABN, and workplace address, including the state or territory (which determines the applicable WHS legislation and regulator).
**Assessment scope and methodology**: A clear description of the work activities, areas, tasks, or hazard types covered by the assessment, and the methodology used.
**Worker consultation record**: Names of workers and health and safety representatives consulted, and the dates and methods of consultation — mandatory under WHS Act s 47.
**Hazard identification**: A systematic identification of all reasonably foreseeable hazards across physical, chemical, ergonomic, psychosocial, electrical, and other categories relevant to the workplace.
**Risk evaluation using a risk matrix**: For each hazard, the existing controls, likelihood rating, consequence rating, resulting risk level (Extreme/High/Medium/Low), and assessment of whether the residual risk is acceptable.
**Control measures — hierarchy of controls**: Proposed controls organised by level — elimination and substitution, isolation and engineering controls, administrative controls, and PPE — with a responsible person and target implementation date for each.
**Residual risk re-assessment**: Re-evaluation of the risk level after all proposed controls are in place, confirming acceptability.
**Implementation plan**: A prioritised action plan with responsible persons and due dates.
**Sign-off**: Signatures of the assessor and approving manager, with dates, and a scheduled next review date.
Frequently Asked Questions
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Safe Work Method Statement — SWMS (Australia)
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Workplace Fire Risk Assessment (Australia)
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Manual Task Risk Assessment (Australia)
An Australian Manual Task Risk Assessment is a systematic document used to identify the hazardous manual task risk factors present in a specific work task, evaluate the level of risk of musculoskeletal disorder, and determine the control measures required to eliminate or minimise that risk. It is required by Australian work health and safety legislation and is a key tool for protecting workers from one of the most common causes of workplace injury in Australia. Manual handling injuries — particularly musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) affecting the back, shoulder, neck, and upper limbs — are consistently among the most common and costly workplace injuries in Australia. Safe Work Australia data shows that manual handling is a leading mechanism of workplace injury, accounting for a substantial proportion of all serious workers' compensation claims each year. This makes systematic identification and control of hazardous manual tasks a high-priority WHS obligation for all employers. The legislative framework governing hazardous manual tasks in Australia is primarily established by regulations 60 to 68 of the Work Health and Safety Regulation 2017 (Cth) (WHS Regulation), made under the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (Cth) (WHS Act). Regulation 60 defines a 'hazardous manual task' as a task that requires a person to use force exerted by a person, repetitive or sustained force, high or sudden force, repetitive movement, sustained or awkward posture, or exposure to vibration. Under reg 61 of the WHS Regulation, the person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) must identify the risk factors for musculoskeletal disorder associated with each hazardous manual task performed by a worker. Under reg 62, the PCBU must eliminate the risk of musculoskeletal disorder if reasonably practicable; if elimination is not reasonably practicable, the PCBU must minimise the risk so far as is reasonably practicable by implementing controls using the hierarchy of controls: elimination, substitution, isolation, engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment. Regulation 65 requires the PCBU to review and revise risk control measures when the risk may have changed or when controls are not effective. The Safe Work Australia Code of Practice: Hazardous Manual Tasks (the Code) is approved under s 274 of the WHS Act and provides detailed practical guidance on identifying, assessing, and controlling hazardous manual task risks. The Code is admissible in WHS proceedings as evidence of what is known about hazards or risks and standards of risk management. Following the Code is the most straightforward way for a PCBU to demonstrate compliance with the WHS Regulation requirements for hazardous manual tasks. The Code identifies the key biomechanical risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorder: forceful exertions (lifting, pushing, pulling, carrying heavy loads); repetitive or sustained movements (repeated actions, prolonged sustained postures); awkward or sustained postures (bending, twisting, reaching, overhead work, kneeling); vibration (whole-body vibration from vehicles, hand-arm vibration from power tools); and the physical characteristics of objects handled (heavy, large, unstable, difficult to grip). The presence of multiple risk factors significantly increases the probability of musculoskeletal injury. The Code also emphasises the importance of consulting workers when identifying hazards and developing control measures. Workers who perform the task often have valuable practical knowledge about the physical demands and risk factors involved, and their input is essential for developing effective and workable controls. Consultation is also a legal obligation under Part 5 of the WHS Act. Effective control of hazardous manual tasks typically involves a combination of engineering controls (mechanical aids such as hoists, trolleys, pallet jacks, conveyor systems, or height-adjustable workstations), administrative controls (job rotation, task scheduling, limiting duration of high-risk tasks, safe work procedures, training in manual handling techniques, and health monitoring), and personal protective equipment (safety footwear, gloves) as a supplementary measure. This Manual Task Risk Assessment template covers all requirements of regs 60–68 of the WHS Regulation 2017 (Cth) and the Safe Work Australia Code of Practice: Hazardous Manual Tasks, including task description, identification of all five categories of manual task risk factors, assessment of existing controls, overall risk rating, injury history, control measures across the full hierarchy, an action plan with responsibilities and timeframes, worker consultation, and sign-off. It is suitable for all industries and workplaces across Australia.